Written
and Compiled by George Knowles
Myths, Lore and the Celtic Tree
Calendar / Birch /
Rowan / Ash /
Alder / Willow
/ Hawthorn
/ Oak /
Holly / Hazel
/ Vine /
Ivy / Reed
/ Elder
The Elder Tree
“Elder
Is the Lady's tree - Burn it not or cursed you'll be”.
The Elder tree (Sambucus
nigra) is a member of the
Honeysuckle family and is one of the sacred trees of Wicca and
Witchcraft. According the Celtic
Tree Calendar, the Elder is the thirteenth tree of the year and dates from the
25th November – 22nd December, as such the Elder tree is
associated with Yule - the Winter Solstice, which in 2008 occurs on the 21st
December.
The word Elder is derived
from an old Anglo-Saxon word ‘aeld’ meaning fire, an association
given to the Elder because of its use. The
soft pith of an Elder branch pushes out easily and the tubes formed were once
used as pipes for blowing up fires, later bellows were made from Elder for the
same use. From this followed the
folk names Pipe-Tree, Bore-tree or Bour-tree, the latter is still being used
Scotland is traceable to the Anglo-Saxon term Burtre.
Other early names include Eldrun or Ellhorn, and then later in the
fourteenth century it became known as Hyldor or Hyllantree.
In Germany, it is known as Hollunder.
The botanical name for the
Elder - ‘Sambucus’ occurs in the writings of Pliny and other ancient
writers. Adopted from the Greek word ‘Sambuca’, a musical
instrument much favoured and used by the Romans, it is thought that Elder wood
was used in its construction due its hardness.
There is difficulty in accepting this however, because the Sambuca
was a stringed instrument, while anything made from Elder would most likely have
been a wind instrument, similar in the nature to Panpipes, a Flute or even a
Sackbut, the renaissance equivalent to the modern trombone.
Sambuca
a stringed instrument
Pliny also records the belief
held by country folk that the “shrillest pipes” and the most “sonorous
horns” were made from Elder trees, but only those grown in areas away from
human habitation and away from the sound of a cocks-crow.
Young children would make whistles, popguns and pea-shooters from the
Elder, which Pliny notes were manufactures many centuries old.
Culpepper another old master declared:
“It is needless to write any description of the Elder, since every boy
that plays with a popgun will not mistake it for any another tree”.
In modern time’s, Italian peasants construct a simple musical pipe from
the Elder called a ‘Sampogna’.
In the summer with its
flat-topped masses of fragrant white blossoms, followed later in autumn by
drooping bunches of purple-black berries; the Elder is a familiar and much loved
sight in the English countryside. It
grows in abundance with a minimum of soil and can be found in wastelands, woods,
hedgerows and gardens. Mostly the
Elder grows as a shrub, bush or small tree, and rarely exceeds nine metres
(30ft) in height. Wild in nature
the Elder re-grows damaged branches with ease and can root rapidly from any of
its parts. Cuttings or twigs broken
of the tree and stuck in the ground will soon produce masses of fruit.
A peculiarity of the Elder is
its method of growth. At the base
of a sapling, stems appear each growing upright, then after awhile as if under
weight they bend over creating a curve on top of which a new bud appears.
From this bud a new stem grows upright for a while until it too bends
over and so its growth continues. The
Elder’s trunk therefore is not formed by one upwardly growing mass like the
trunks of other trees, but is a patchwork mess of curving drooping stems.
This is why the Elder is neither elegant nor reaches any great height.
The stems can sometimes reach nearly two feet in diameter, a size
indicating several or more score of years, today however we are lucky to be able
to find one growing half that size.
The bark of the wood is
rough, corky and light brown to grey in colour, its branches are smoother and
its twigs a pleasing bright green, but these are pot-marked with small brownish
spots caused by the tree’s lenticels. The
wood of the main stem is hard and heavy, white with a fine close grain.
It is easy to cut and polishes well, and was often used for making
butchers skewers or small toys for children.
Other uses include shoemaker’s pegs, fishing rods, needles for weaving
nets and combs. It being a hard
wood, technical instruments and several different musical instruments were made
of Elder. The pith from its
branches was sliced and used as floats for fishing, while pith from younger
stems being exceedingly light, was cut into balls and used for electrical
experiments. In medicine, it was
used to hold small objects for microscopic sectioning.
White flowers
- Purple-black berries
The leaves of the Elder
consist of five leaflets attached to a central stalk sitting opposite each other
on its twigs or branches. To ensure
its leafing capacity, beneath its main leaf-buds the Elder produces a second
smaller bud in reserve, but this will only open if the main leaves are lost due
to inclement weather, and can remain dormant for a couple of years until needed. Once the leaves have formed, its flower buds begin to grow
and by June the tree is awash with thousands of tiny white flowers.
The flowers all look alike
and consist of five creamy white petals, on the back of which five green sepals
form a star. In between each petal
there are five yellow stamens surrounding a cream coloured ovary containing a
three lobed stigma. To allow easy
cross-fertilization by flies and other insects attracted by the flowers
fragrance, the stamens and stigmas mature at the same time.
Clusters of Elder flowers grow all at the same level facing the sky and
viewed from beneath resemble many tiny star-spoke umbrellas.
Myths
and Folklore
There is much folklore and
superstition talked about the Elder tree, much of it passed down through the old
religions of the ancients, and in common with many other trees and plants, the
Elder tree in particular was attributed a number of negative Christian legends
in efforts to suppress earlier pagan beliefs.
One such legend as Shakespeare recounts in his “Love's Labour Lost”,
is that of the traitor Apostle “Judas Iscariot” supposedly hanged himself on
an Elder tree. Reference to this
myth is found as far back in English literature as Langland’s – “Vision
of Piers Plowman” written during the middle of the fourteenth century: “Judas he japed with Jewen silver, And sithen an eller
hanged hymselve”.
Why Judas would have selected
the Elder for his gallows, is somewhat puzzling given the small size of the
tree, but Sir John Mandeville in his famous book published in the 1300’s
entitled: “The Travels of Sir John Mandeville”, tells us that he was
shown: “faste by the Pool of
Siloam, the identical Tree of Eldre that Judas henge himself upon, for despeyr
that he hadde, when he solde and betrayed oure Lord”.
John Gerard in his famous “Herbal
or General History of Plants” calls the Elder tree, “the
Judas-tree - the tree whereon Judas did hange himselfe”.
Judas
Iscariot the Apostle who betrayed Jesus.
Another old legend tells of
how the Elder tree was one of several trees whose wood was used to make the
Cross of Calvary on which Christ was crucified, and as a result the Elder tree
in particular was punished, an old couplet states:
“Bour tree - Bour tree: crooked rong, Never straight and never
strong; Ever bush and never tree, Since our Lord was nailed on thee”.
In most countries, the Elder
tree is intimately connected with magic and witchcraft, and there are many
folktales and legends telling of a witch that live in the tree.
One such is about Hylde-Moer, the Elder-tree Mother, who lived in the
tree to watch over it. Should the
tree be cut down and furniture made of its wood, many believed she would follow
and haunt the owners. As the story
goes, an ignorant woodcutter once cut down an Elder tree to make a cradle for
his newborn son, but each time the child was placed in it Hylde-Moer would
appear and pull it by the legs, thus allowing the child no peace until it was
lifted out. To cut an Elder
permission must always be gained first by asking, and not until Hylde-Moer has
given consent by remaining silence, may the tree be cut down.
Another legend about an Elder
witch concerns the famous Rollright Stone circle near the village of Long
Compton in Oxfordshire. These strange and ancient monoliths are said to be the remains of an
invading Danish King and his men intent on conquering England.
As the King and his men were approaching Long Compton, an old hag
witch approached them and called out a challenge:
“Seven long strides shalt thou take, an if Long Compton thou can
see, King of England thou shalt be”.
The Rollright Stone Circle
The village of Long Compton
is hidden behind a low mound known locally as the Archdruids barrow.
After the King had taken his seven strides he still could not see the
village, so the hag witch called out again:
“As Long Compton thou canst not see, King of England thou shalt not
be. Rise up stick and rise up
stone, For King of England thou shalt be none.
Thou and thy men hoar stones shall be, And I myself an Elder tree”.
With that cry the King became the lone standing stone known as the
“King Stone”, a group of five upright stones huddled together are known as
“The Whispering Knights”, while the stones forming the circle itself are
known as the “King’s Men”.
Magical
Uses
As with most trees, one of the main properties of the
Elder is that of protection and grown
on your land particularly near to the home, helps to protect it from negative
energy and lightning attacks. Crosses made of Elder twigs were hung
over stables and barns to protect the livestock. People buried objects, items of clothing and even their milk
teeth in its shade, to protect the owner from evil spells and disease.
Spells were also used to divert illnesses from a sick person into the
Elder bush. Pieces of Elder wood
worn close to the body will protect against illness, however many people still
believed it was dangerous to place Elder in a cradle, fear was that the tree
fairies would see this as a sign they could take the child away.
Elder
trees can commonly be found growing in old country gardens and cemeteries, for
wherever the Elder tree grew was considered sacred space protected by the Elder
Mother. The flowers of tree
have a slightly narcotic smell and it is considered unwise to rest under it too
long, for if you fall asleep you may never wake up. Because of this the Elder has a long association with death.
The dead were often laid out on Elder branches and its wood was used to
make crosses for graves. In some
countries branches of Elder are still put on graves today, and if they sprout,
it is a clear sign that the departed person is happy and has been welcomed into
Elysium, the blessed realm of the dead.
Elder tree in bloom
If you bathe the eyes with dew
collected from the Elder tree, you will be able to see fairies and witches. In the Isle of Man, Elders trees are the main dwelling-place
for elves, and in Scotland if you stand under an Elder-tree at Samhain, you can
see the fairy host riding by. Scattering
Elder leaves in the four winds will bring protection and when used to form a
circle, helps to create sacred space. During
ritual a flute or whistle made from an Elder can be used to summon spirits.
If you bathe the eyes with dew collected from
the Elder tree, you will be able to see fairies and witches. In the Isle of Man, Elders trees are the main dwelling-place
for elves, and in Scotland if you stand under an Elder-tree at Samhain, you can
see the fairy host riding by. Scattering
Elder leaves in the four winds will bring protection and when used to form a
circle, helps to create sacred space. During
ritual a flute or whistle made from an Elder can be used to summon spirits.
Medicinal
Uses
The Elder has long been noted
for its healing properties and was mentioned in the oldest of British
Pharmacopoeia’s. To the physician
and the wise-woman of old, it was considered “the medicine chest of the
country” to those who knew its secrets. Most
all parts of the Elder were used in drinks, healing poultices and ointments.
John Evelyn (1620–1706)
a prolific English writer, gardener and diarist wrote in praise of the
Elder, saying:
“If
the medicinal properties of its leaves, bark and berries were fully known, I
cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he might not fetch a remedy
from every hedge, either for sickness or wounds.
The buds boiled in water gruel have effected wonders in a fever, the
spring buds are excellently wholesome in pottages; and small ale in which Elder
flowers have been infused is esteemed by many so salubrious that this is to be
had in most of the eating houses about our town”.
Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654)
popularly regarded as the father of alternative medicine, states in his books:
The English Physician (1652) and The Complete Herbal (1653) that:
“The
first shoots of the common Elder, boiled like Asparagus, and the young leaves
and stalks boiled in fat broth, doth mightily carry forth phlegm and choler. The
middle or inward bark boiled in water and given in drink worketh much more
violently; and the berries, either green or dry, expel the same humour, and are
often given with good success in dropsy; the bark of the root boiled in wine, or
the juice thereof drunk, worketh the same effects, but more powerfully than
either the leaves or fruit. The juice of the root taken causes vomitings and
purgeth the watery humours of the dropsy”.
Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682)
another noted English physician and writer tried to reconcile religion with
scientific knowledge, in his Religio medici (1643) he states:
“The
common people keep as a good secret in curing wounds the leaves of the Elder,
which they have gathered the last day of April.
The leaves boiled soft with a little linseed oil were used as a healing
application to piles. An ointment
concocted from the green Elderberries with camphor and lard, was formerly
ordered by the London College of Surgeons to relieve the same complaint.
The leaves are an
ingredient of many cooling ointments: Here
is another recipe, not made from Elder leaves alone, and very much recommended
by modern herbalists as being very cooling and softening and excellent for all
kinds of tumours, swellings and wounds: Take
the Elder leaves 1/2 lb., Plantain leaves 1/4 lb., Ground Ivy 2 oz., Wormwood 4
oz. (all green); cut them small and boil in 4 lb. of lard in the oven, or over a
slow fire; stir them continually until the leaves become crisp, then strain and
press out the ointment for use”.
John
Gerard (1545-
1612) in perhaps the most famous
of the English herbals “Herbal or General History of Plants” first
published in 1597 and republished in 1633, states that:
“The
jelly of the Elder otherwise called Jew's ear, taketh away inflammations of the
mouth and throat if they be washed therewith, and doth in like manner help the
uvula”.
Jew’s Ear (Hirneola
auricula Judae), is a large fungus that can often be found growing on the
Elder tree. The name is a
corruption of “Judas’s ear”, from the association that Judas hanged
himself on the Elder. Purplish in
colour, it resembles the shape and softness the human ear, and although it
sometimes occurs on Elm trees, it grows almost exclusively on Elder trees
particularly in damp and shady places.
John
Evelyn -
Nicholas Culpeper -
Sir Thomas Browne - John
Gerard
The leaves of the Elder when
bruised and worn in the rim of a hat or rubbed on the face will distract flies
from settling on the person. To
protect the skin from midges and mosquitoes, make an infusion from the leaves
and dab it on the skin. Gather a
few fresh leaves from the Elder and tear them from their stalks, place them in a
jug and pour on boiling water, cover and leave for a few hours.
When the infusion is cold, it is fit for use, pour off into a bottle and
keep it tightly corked, a fresh infusion should be made often.
Farmers particularly value
the leaves of the Elder, which when spread about around barns and granaries
deter mice and moles away from their usual haunts.
Sheep can and other farm animals can be cured of foot-rot from a
decoction of the bark and young shoots. The
bark and roots of an old Elder trees was used in the Scotch Highlands as an
ingredient for a black dye. The
leaves mixed with alum also produce a green dye, and the berries a blue and
purple dye.
Elder Flowers Berries have
long been used in the English countryside for making homemade drinks and
preserves, and are just as popular today as they were in the time of our
great-grandmothers. The berries
make an excellent homemade wine and winter cordial, which improves with age.
Taken hot with sugar just before going to bed, was an old-fashioned and
well-established cure for the common cold.
Other Associations:
Gender - Feminine.
Planet - Saturn.
Element - Water.
God and Goddess -
Lugh,
Dagda,
Diancecht,
Nuada
- Airmid,
Banba, Etain,
Macha,
Druantia and Áine.
Magical associations -
Exorcism, Protection, Healing, Prosperity, Sleep and Death.
Astrologically, Elder people
have a tie to the White goddess. They
are very similar to Rowan people. They
are very musically inclined and gifted. Most
Elder people will be water people as well, having water as their element or even
associated with their astrological birth sign.
They are excellent healers but need to be careful not to use their gifts
to sway other people's wills and choices. They
are also excellent seers.
End.
Sources:
Cunningham's Encyclopedia Of Magical Herbs - By Scott
Cunningham.
Encyclopedia of Wicca & Witchcraft - By Raven
Grimassi.
The Encyclopedia of Witches & Witchcraft - By
Rosemary Ellen Guiley.
Tree Wisdom (The difinitive guidebook to the myth,
folklore and healing power of Trees) - By Jacqueline Memory Paterson.
AA Book of Britain's Countryside.
The Penguin Hutchinson Reference Library (CD cassette).
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (CD cassette).
Plus many websites to numerous to mention.
First
published in 2002 - Updated the Dec 2008
© George Knowles
Best
Wishes and Blessed Be.
